Ecospirituality Scale
Ecospirituality Scale
A measure for assessing individual differences in people's spiritual view of nature.
Items 1 – 4 assess perceptions of nature's spiritual qualities.
Items 5 – 8 assess experiences of nature's spiritual qualities (prototypically involving awe).
Please indicate to what extent you agree with the following statements.(Response Options: 1 – 7; strongly disagree – strongly agree)
1. There is a spiritual connection between human beings and the natural environment
2. There is sacredness in nature
3. Everything in the natural world is spiritually interconnected
4. Nature is a spiritual resource
5. I feel intense wonder towards nature
6. When I am in nature, I feel a sense of awe
7. Sometimes I am overcome with the beauty of nature
8. There is nothing like the feeling of being in nature
Initial scale development article testing association with moralization of nature:
Billet, M. I., Baimel, A., Sahakari, S. S., Schaller, M., & Norenzayan, A. (2023). Ecospirituality: The psychology of moral concern for nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 87, 102001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102001 [pdf]
Scale translations in 12 languages and metric invariance across 15 countries:
Billet, M. I. & Baimel, A. (2026). Ecospirituality predicts pro-environmental outcomes across cultures. Environment and Behavior, 58(3), 418-447. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165261421073 [pdf]