Ecospirituality Scale

A measure for assessing individual differences in people's spiritual view of nature. 

Items 1 – 4 assess perceptions of nature's spiritual qualities. 

Items 5 – 8 assess experiences of nature's spiritual qualities (prototypically involving awe).

Please indicate to what extent you agree with the following statements.

(Response Options: 1 – 7; strongly disagree – strongly agree)

1. There is a spiritual connection between human beings and the natural environment

2. There is sacredness in nature 

3. Everything in the natural world is spiritually interconnected

4. Nature is a spiritual resource

5. I feel intense wonder towards nature 

6. When I am in nature, I feel a sense of awe 

7. Sometimes I am overcome with the beauty of nature

8. There is nothing like the feeling of being in nature

Citation to original validation article: 

Billet, M. I., Baimel, A., Sahakari, S. S., Schaller, M., & Norenzayan, A. (2023). Ecospirituality: The psychology of moral concern for nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 87, 102001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102001 [pdf]

Scalar measurement invariance in an English-speaking religiously diverse sample of Singaporeans: 

White, C. J. M., & Billet, M. I. (2024). The roles of anthropomorphism, spirituality, and gratitude in pro-environmental attitudes. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2024.2363759 [pdf]

Metric invariance across samples from 15 countries (scale translations available in 12 languages in Supplemental Material): 

Billet, M. I. & Baimel. A. (in review). Ecospirituality predicts pro-environmental outcomes across cultures. Preprint available: osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/dtu7c